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| Hardware | |
| | Processors provide the intelligence behind IoT systems and are often integrated into system-on-a-chip designs. |
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| | Hardware that enables dual directional communication for data collection and control message delivery. Examples include cellular, Ethernet, and Wi-Fi. |
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| | Sensors transform energy into electrical data; they are the eyes and ears of IoT. Actuators transform electrical data into energy; they are the muscle of IoT. |
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| | IoT power supplies include traditional, thin-film and printed batteries, energy harvesting modules, flexible photovoltaic panels and thermoelectric sources. |
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| | Technologies that enable legacy devices and other systems to connect to the IoT. They integrate technologies and protocols for networking. |
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| | Products used by end users that contain IoT technologies. Examples include enabled equipment, wearables, hand-held scanners, and tracking devices. |
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| | IoT sensors and devices that are worn or embedded into clothing or accessories. |
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| Software | |
| | Horizontal applications are standardized (e.g., asset tracking). Vertical applications are tailored to specific needs (e.g., delivery fleet management). |
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| | APIs are the market enabler for IoT. They allow users to manage devices, enable data transfer between software, and provide access capabilities. |
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| | Middleware integrates the diverse components of an IoT application by structuring communication, workflows, and business rules. |
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| | IoT analytics includes real-time or edge computing and batch analysis. Analytics can be behavioral, descriptive, predictive, or prescriptive. |
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| | Visualization solutions use dashboards, alerts, events, maps, and other tools to present easily comprehensible data to end users. |
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| | Data management solutions capture, index and store data in traditional database, cloud platforms, and fog systems for future use. |
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| | Security software provides encryption, access control, and identity protection to IoT solutions from data collection through end-user applications. |
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| Services | |
| | System integrators link IoT component subsystems, customize solutions, and ensure that IoT systems communicate with existing operational systems. |
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| | IoT data management consultancies help to make sense of big data, decide which data to maintain and for how long, and troubleshoot IT issues. |
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| | IoT hardware consultancies provide services such as solution specification, product design, connectivity setup, and partner identification. |
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| | IoT software consultancies support the development of data analytics, visualization solutions, and platforms, as well as integration into embedded systems. |
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| | Examples of business consulting services include go-to-market design and execution, business model development, channel development, and corporate M&A. |
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| | Procurement consultancies support solution selection, ROI analysis, supplier shortlisting, and other areas related to selection and execution of solutions. |
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| | Connectivity as a service as provided by telecommunications companies, i.e. data transfer, radio waves. |
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